Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior
Volume 41, Issue 1 , Pages 3-10 , January 2009

Understanding Adherence to 5 Servings of Fruits and Vegetables per Day: A Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective

  • Chris M. Blanchard, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress for correspondence: Chris M. Blanchard, Dalhousie University, Department of Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Room 205, Centre for Clinical Research, 5790 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1V7; Phone: (902) 473-3789; Fax: (902) 473-6869
    • ,
  • Janet Fisher, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Health and Physical Education, School of Education, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia
    • ,
  • Phillip B. Sparling, PhD

      Affiliations

    • School of Applied Physiology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
    • ,
  • Tiffany Hunt Shanks, PhD

      Affiliations

    • School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
    • ,
  • Eric Nehl

      Affiliations

    • Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University, Bloomington
    • ,
  • Ryan E. Rhodes, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Behavioral Medicine Laboratory, Kinesiology Program, School of Physical Education, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
    • ,
  • Kerry S. Courneya, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Faculty of Physical Education, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
    • ,
  • Frank Baker, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Behavioral Sciences and Community Health, School of Public Health, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York

References 

  1. World Health Organization. Diet and physical activity: a public health priority. Available at: http://who.int/dietphysicalactivity/en/. Accessed October 15, 2008.
  2. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Behavioral risk factor surveillance system: trends data, nationwide, not enough fruit and vegetables. Available at: http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss/list.asp?cat=FV&yr=2007&qkey=4415&state=All. Accessed January 18, 2008.
  3. American College Health Association . American College Health Association National College Health Assessment (ACHA-NCHA) spring 2005 reference group data report. J Am Coll Health. 2006;55:5–16
  4. Baranowski T, Cullen KW, Nicklas T, Thompson D, Baranowski J. Are current health behavioral change models helpful in guiding prevention of weight gain efforts?. Obes Res. 2003;11(suppl):23S–43S
  5. Beech BM, Rice R, Myers L, Johnson C, Nicklas T. Knowledge, attitudes and practices related to fruit and vegetable consumption of high school students. J Adolesc Health. 1999;24:244–250
  6. Cullen K, Bartholomew LK, Parcel GS, Koehly L. Measuring stage of change for fruit and vegetable consumption in 9 to 12 year old girls. J Behav Med. 1998;21:241–254
  7. Baranowski T, Davis M, Resnicow K, Baranowski J, Doyle C, Lin LS. Gimme 5 fruit, juice and vegetables for fun and health: outcome evaluation. Health Educ Res. 2000;27:96–111
  8. Resnicow K, Davis-Hearn M, Smith M, Baranowski T, Lin LS, Baranowski J, et al. Social cognitive predictors of fruit and vegetable intake in children. Health Psychol. 1997;16:272–276
  9. Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 1991;50:179–211
  10. Lien N, Lytle LA, Komro KA. Applying theory of planned behavior to fruit and vegetable consumption of young adolescents. Am J Health Promot. 2002;16:189–197
  11. Bogers RP, Brug J, van Assema P, Dagnelie PC. Explaining fruit and vegetable consumption: the theory of planned behavior and misconception of personal intake levels. Appetite. 2004;42:157–166
  12. Brug J, de Vet E, de Nooijer J, Verplanken B. Predicting fruit consumption: cognitions, intention, and habits. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2006;38:73–81
  13. Conner M, Norman P, Bell R. The theory of planned behavior and healthy eating. Health Psychol. 2002;21:194–201
  14. Kvaavik E, Lien N, Tell G, Klepp K. Psychosocial predictors of eating habits among adults in their mid-30s: the Oslo Youth Study follow-up 1991-1999. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2005;2:1–11
  15. Povey R, Conner M, Sparks P, James R, Shepherd J. Application of the theory of planned behavior to two dietary behaviors: roles of perceived control and self-efficacy. Br J Health Psychol. 2000;5:121–139
  16. Sjoberg S, Kyungwon K, Reicks M. Applying the theory of planned behavior to fruit and vegetable consumption by older adults. J Nutr Elder. 2004;23:35–46
  17. Blanchard CM, Rhodes RE, Nehl E, Fisher J, Sparling P, Courneya KS. Ethnicity and the theory of planned behavior in the exercise domain. Am J Health Behav. 2003;27:579–591
  18. Rhodes RE, Blanchard CM. Conceptual categories or operational constructs? Evaluating higher order theory of planned behavior structures in the exercise domain. Behav Med. 2006;31:141–150
  19. Rhodes RE, Blanchard CM, Matheson DH. A multicomponent model of the theory of planned behavior. Br J Health Psychol. 2006;11:119–137
  20. Weber Cullen K, Baranowski T, Owens E, et al. Ethnic differences in social correlates of diet. Health Educ Res. 2002;17:7–18
  21. Blanchard C, Fisher J, Sparling P, Nehl E, Rhodes R, Courneya K, et al. Understanding exercise behavior in African-American and Caucasian college students: an application of the theory of planned behavior. J Am Coll Health. 2008;56:341–346
  22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey Questionnaire. Atlanta, GA: Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2002;
  23. Allison PD. Missing Data Series: Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2002;
  24. Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Eq Model. 1999;6:1–55
  25. Byrne BM, Shavelson RJ, Muthen B. Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and means structures: the issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychol Bull. 1989;105:456–466
  26. Cheung G, Rensvold R. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struct Eq Mod. 2002;9:233–255
  27. Armitage CJ, Conner M. Efficacy of the theory of planned behavior: a meta-analytic review. Br J Soc Psychol. 2001;40:471–499
  28. Baranowski T, Cullen K, Baranowski J. Psychosocial correlates of dietary intake: advancing dietary intervention. Ann Rev Nutr. 1999;19:17–40

 This project was supported by a Research Centers in Minority Institutions award, #G12RR03062, from the National Center for Research Resources, National Institutes of Health.

PII: S1499-4046(08)00003-1

doi: 10.1016/j.jneb.2007.12.006

Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior
Volume 41, Issue 1 , Pages 3-10 , January 2009

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