Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior
Volume 41, Issue 4 , Pages 274-280, July 2009

Correlates for Healthful Snacking among Middle-income Midwestern Women

  • Johanna M. Schunk, MS, RD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
    • ,
  • Laura H. McArthur, PhD, RD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Dietetics, Hospitality Management, and Fashion Merchandising, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress for correspondence: Laura H. McArthur, PhD, RD, Department of Dietetics, Hospitality Management, and Fashion Merchandising, Room 228 Knoblauch Hall, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL 61455; Phone: (309) 298-1007
    • ,
  • Cathy A. Maahs-Fladung, MS

      Affiliations

    • Academic Computing Center, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC

Abstract 

Objective

To assess snacking patterns, self-efficacy, barriers, stage of change, and awareness of healthful snacks among middle-income midwestern women.

Design

Self-administered questionnaire.

Setting

An urban church.

Participants

Convenience sample of 56 women, mean age 43.9 years and mean body mass index (BMI) 25.9 kg/m2.

Main Outcome Measures

A snack quality index (SQI) assessed healthfulness of snack choices; subscales identified self-efficacy and barriers; and a test measured knowledge of healthful snacks.

Analysis

SQI scores were based on energy density and frequency of consumption. Correlations identified associations between SQI scores and self-efficacy and barriers. Analysis of variance identified significant differences between subscale scores for self-efficacy and barriers. Statistical significance was P < .05.

Results

The mean SQI score was 64.9%. Participants felt least confident to choose healthful snacks when experiencing negative emotions, and the most important barrier to healthful snacking was an unfavorable taste perception. The majority of the women (86%) were in the pre-action and 14% in the action stages of change for healthful snacking. The mean score on the snack knowledge test was 84.2%.

Conclusions and Implications

These women need information concerning snacks high in fiber and low in trans fat, and interventions for enhancing self-confidence for healthful snack selection under challenging circumstances and for overcoming barriers.

Key Words: women's health, snack food, snack correlates

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 At the time this snacking study was in progress, Ms. Johanna M. Schunk was a graduate student living in Indianapolis, IN, and working on her MS degree in nutrition from East Carolina University. This research was the independent study she conducted as part of her graduate degree work.

PII: S1499-4046(08)00055-9

doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2008.02.007

Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior
Volume 41, Issue 4 , Pages 274-280, July 2009

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